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20191106

金屬材料 - 降伏與抗拉強度 (Metallic Material - Ys and Ts)

金屬材料 - 降伏與抗拉強度 (Metallic Material - Ys and Ts)

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# Update = 2019-11-06
# Author : Enson, Yu, Ph.D.
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# Keywords: Material, Property, Strength, Yield strength, Tensile strength, ... .
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# 降伏強度與抗拉強度比較:

金屬材料經過塑性成形(Ys)產生永久變形,到抗拉強度(Ts)發生破壞,
Ys 到 Ts 的間隔越大,材料變形後,越不容易發生破壞,可成形性較佳。

# Ys and Ts comparison of metallic material:

  *Blue : Ys ( yield strength )
  *Red : Ts ( tensile strength )



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# REFERENCE

[] eFunda, https://www.efunda.com/

[] 中鋼公司產品手冊-冷軋, https://www.csc.com.tw/csc/pd/doc/spec_cr_2014.pdf

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20190715

Forming Load Sensing / Monitoring

Forming Load - Sensing / Monitoring.

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# Date : 2019-07-15
# Author : Enson, C-H, Yu, Ph.D.
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# Keywords: Forming, Load, Sensing, Monitoring, CAE, ... .
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Chain Die Forming :

[] Qian, Z., Wang, C., An, K., Meehan, P. A., Daniel, W. J., & Ding, S. (2019). Investigation of the forming load in the chain-die forming process. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 45, 70-82.

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20190614

管凸緣成形 (Tube End Forming / Flanging)

管凸緣成形 (Tube End Forming / Flanging)

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# Date : 2019-06-14
# Author : Enson, C-H, Yu, Ph.D.
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# Keywords: Tube, End forming, Flanging, Orbital forming, Welding, ... .
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# ABSTRACT

凸緣管件,常用於連接套管以傳輸油、水、粉末等物品,
本文將說明凸緣管件之製造方法。

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# INTRODUCTION

凸緣管件之常見製造方法,是以銲接製造凸緣管件,
此方法需考慮銲接強度,不利於高壓環境,做法為:

  1. 分別準備管材與平鈑
  2. 透過銲接填補銲料結合管材與平鈑
  3. 以 CNC 加工移除多餘銲料

過去曾協助廠商開發一體式凸緣管件成形方法,做法為:

* 準備一管材 --> 預成形 (端壓)  -->  擺輾成形 (成形凸緣)

以下為凸緣管件相關製造方法。

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# 管凸緣成形方法:

##. 旋壓成形 (Spinning)

 ** Friction Spinning [Homberg,2010] 

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##. 擺輾成形 (Orbital forming) :

  * 以擺輾成形輾壓出不銹鋼凸緣 [許,2010]

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##. 端壓成形 (End forming / pressing)

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##. 液壓成形 (Hydro forming) [Alzahrani,2016]

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##. 射出鍛造成形 (Injection forging)

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# 一模三沖成形:

以上下模夾持管材,利用三支沖頭進行擴孔與凸緣成形。




REF:
[] STM stainless steel tube end forming machine, tube end expansion, tube flange making, Youtube,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8K-tEtv-iQ

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# REFERENCE

##. REF. Hydroforming

[] B. Alzahrani,G. Ngaile (2016) Preliminary Investigation of the Process Capabilities of Hydroforging, Materials, Vol.9. 

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## REF. Orbital forming

[] 許進忠,余征諴 (2010) 不銹鋼管凸緣擺輾成形製程技術, 精密機械與製造科技期刊, Vol.1, pp.62-67.

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##. REF. Spinning:


[] W. Homberg, D. Hornjak,C. Beerwald (2010) Manufacturing of Complex Functional Graded Workpieceswith the Friction -Spinning Process, International Journal of Material Forming, Vol.3, pp.943-946.

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20180927

塑性力學 (Plasticity)

塑性力學 (Plasticity)

Keywords: Plasticity, Material, Math, ... 
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Starin rate 應變率

[] Strain rate = V / Lo

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REFERENCE

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20180922

關於重構成形技術 (About Reconfiguration Forming)

關於重構成形技術 (About Reconfiguration Forming)

Keywords: Multi-point forming, Sheet metal forming, Multi-punch forming, Reconfiguration forming, ... .
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為了搜尋柔性輥軋成形技術 ( Flexible roll forming),找到了 Flexible Reconfiguration Roll Forming, 當初只視為某個創新的漸進式成形技術 (incremental forming);直到看到其商品化新聞,才好好地搜尋了相關的專利和論文。

從目前的專利和論文資料來看,重構成形技術 (Reconfiguration forming) 大多利用油壓系統驅動多軸(沖頭)運動成形,適用於三維曲面大鈑件成形;商品化機械有 SKWB-2500 船舶三維數控彎鈑機。

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REFERENCE

  • 世界首台!複雜曲面船板自動加工設備成功應用, Read01, 20160226, https://goo.gl/HsqLAT
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Reconfiguration Forming

  • E.G. Haas, R.C. Schwarz,J.M. Papazian (2003) Single-die modularized, reconfigurable honeycomb core forming tool, US, 6578399,Northrop Grumman Corporation.
  • 向祖權, 張燦勇, 李培勇, 李繼先, 焦和桐, 王呈方, 勇胡, 范正勇, 茅雲生, 萍袁,馬軍偉 (2009) 方形壓頭可調活絡模具板材曲面成形裝置, CN, 201361652,泰安市碩力液壓設備廠,武漢理工大學.
  • 張燦勇, 焦和桐, 王呈方,勇胡 (2010) 非對壓多點板材成形裝置, CN, 101670392,武漢理工大學.
  • 向祖權, 張燦勇, 李培勇, 李繼先, 焦和桐, 王呈方, 胡勇, 范正勇, 茅雲生, 袁萍,馬軍偉 (2011) 方形壓頭可調活絡模具板材曲面成形裝置, CN, 101549377,泰安市碩力液壓設備廠,武漢理工大學.
  • 於忠奇, 王皓, 來新民, 林忠欽,孔慶帥 (2015) 三維曲面構件加工的多點柔性滾壓成形方法, CN, 103111499,上海交通大學.
  • 馮朋曉, 李明哲, 胡志清, 隋振, 韓奇鋼,龔學平 (2011) 三維曲面輥壓成型裝置, CN, 102151732,吉林大學.
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Flexible Reconfiguration Roll Forming (FRRF)

  • Takashi Ishikawa, Ken-ichiro Mori, Daming Wang, Mingzhe Li,Zhongyi Cai (2014) Investigation on Forming Precision of Flexible Rolling Process for Three-dimensional Surface Parts of Different Sheet Materials, Procedia Engineering, Vol.81, pp.227-232.
  • Jun-Seok Yoon, So-Eun Son, Woo-Jin Song, Jeong Kim,Beom-Soo Kang (2014) Study on flexibly-reconfigurable roll forming process for multi-curved surface of sheet metal, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Vol.15, pp.1069-1074.
  • Pan Liu, Tae-Wan Ku,Beom-Soo Kang (2015) Shape error prediction and compensation of three-dimensional surface in flexibly-reconfigurable roll forming, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, Vol.29, pp.4387-4397.
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20171107

鋁擠型 (Aluminum Extrusion)

鋁擠型 (Aluminum Extrusion)

Keywords : aluminum extrusion, CAE, ... .
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INTRODUCTION

常用鋁擠型 CAE 軟體有:

  • [] Click2Extrude (原 HyperXtrude)
  • [] SIMUFACT (finite volume kernel)
  • [] HyperXtrude
  • [] DEFORM


學者專家:

  • [] 張存生 (Cunsheng Zhang) 副教授,山東大學 [SDU] 。

____________________________________________________________

HyperXtrude:

  • [] Zhao HE, He-nan WANG, Meng-jun WANG, Guang-yao LI (2012) Simulation of extrusion process of complicated aluminium profile and die trial, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol.22, pp.1732-1737. https://goo.gl/k8DkUX
  • [] A. F. Bastani, T. Aukrust,S. Brandal (2010) Study of Isothermal Extrusion of Aluminum Using Finite Element Simulations, International Journal of Material Forming, Vol.3, pp.367-370.
  • [] Y. J. Guan, C. S. Zhang, G. Q. Zhao, X. M. Sun,P. Li (2012) Design of a Multihole Porthole Die for Aluminum Tube Extrusion, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol.27, pp.147-153.
  • [] P. Liu, S. S. Xie,L. Cheng (2011) Die Optimal Design for a Large Diameter Thin-walled Aluminum Profile Extrusion by ALE Algorithm, Emerging Focus on Advanced Materials, Pts 1 and 2, Vol.306-307, pp.459-462.
  • [] C. Zhang, G. Zhao, H. Chen, Y. Guan,F. Kou (2012) Numerical simulation and metal flow analysis of hot extrusion process for a complex hollow aluminum profile, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.60, pp.101-110.
  • [] C. S. Zhang, G. Q. Zhao, H. Chen, Y. J. Guan, H. J. Cai,B. J. Gao (2013) Investigation on Effects of Die Orifice Layout on Three-Hole Porthole Extrusion of Aluminum Alloy 6063 Tubes, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol.22, pp.1223-1232.
  • [] C. S. Zhang, G. Q. Zhao, H. Chen, Y. J. Guan,H. K. Li (2012) Optimization of an aluminum profile extrusion process based on Taguchi's method with S/N analysis, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.60, pp.589-599.
  • [] C. S. Zhang, G. Q. Zhao, Z. R. Chen, H. Chen,F. J. Kou (2012) Effect of extrusion stem speed on extrusion process for a hollow aluminum profile, Materials Science and Engineering B-Advanced Functional Solid-State Materials, Vol.177, pp.1691-1697.
  • [] C. S. Zhang, G. Q. Zhao, Y. J. Guan, A. J. Gao, L. J. Wang,P. Li (2015) Virtual tryout and optimization of the extrusion die for an aluminum profile with complex cross-sections, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.78, pp.927-937.
  • [] C. S. Zhang, G. Q. Zhao, K. Yang,Y. J. Guan (2013) Numerical and experimental research on extrusion process of a three-cavity aluminum profile, 11th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Industrial Forming Processes (Numiform 2013), Vol.1532, pp.458-463.
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REFERENCE
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20171014

輥彎成形 (Roll Bending)

輥彎成形 (Roll Bending)

Keywords : Roll forming, Roll bending, Curving, Sheet metal ... .
____________________________________________________________

透過調整輥輪位置,並進行彈回補償,使鈑件形成特定尺寸之圓弧造型。

____________________________________________________________

Applications:

  [] Roof panel [YT] .


____________________________________________________________

Machines:

  [] RBM system : Demo [YT].


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REFERENCE.



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20170725

管狀產品成形技術 (Forming Processes of Tubular Parts)

管狀產品成形技術 (Forming Processes of Tubular Parts)


Keywords : Roll forming, Extrusion, Forging, ... .
____________________________________________________________

管胚成形:

  • 有縫管 (welded pipe):連續輥軋成形後銲接。
  • 無縫管 (seamless pipe):棒材穿孔、擠製成形。

有縫管成形影片[https://youtu.be/0x1uRR9Jb34]:


無縫管成形影片 [https://youtu.be/ztcEyel47Kg]


____________________________________________________________


擠鍛成形 (Injection forging / Flange upsetting):

用於凸緣位於管材中央處之凸緣成形,加壓管材端部,使材料往徑向流動而成形凸緣。


  • [] M. Arentoft, S. B. Petersen, J. M. C. Rodrigues, P. A. F. Martins, R. Balendra,T. Wanheim (1995) Review of Research into the Injection Forging of Tubular Materials, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.52, pp.460-471.
  • [] R. Balendra,Y. Qin (2004) Injection forging: engineering and research, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.145, pp.189-206.
  • [] T. Schiemann, M. Liewald, C. Beiermeister,M. Till (2014) Influence of process chain on fold formation during flange upsetting of tubular cold forged parts, 11th International Conference on Technology of Plasticity, Ictp 2014, Vol.81, pp.352-357.


____________________________________________________________

評測 (Benchmarks)

評測 (Benchmarks)


Keywords: Benchmarks, Metal forming, ... .
____________________________________________________________

ICEB - International Conference on Extrusion and Benchmark


__________

NUMISHEET - Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Processes

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20170519

FlexForming

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Keywords : Hydroforming, hydraulic, flexforming, bladder forming.

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Flexforming 屬於液壓成形 (hrdroforming) 相關技術 [WIKI]

壓力來源為透過彈性介質 (elastic media) 對鈑料施加均勻壓力成形,
類似技術如 rubber pad forming、bladder forming 等鈑金成形技術。


CAE分析工具:

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 

VIDEOS:


---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 

REFERENCE

  • H. A. Hatipoglu, N. Polat, A. Koksal,A. E. Tekkaya (2007) Modeling flexforming (fluid cell forming) process with finite element method, Sheet Metal 2007, Vol.344, pp.469-476. https://www.scientific.net/KEM.344.469

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20170418

關於金屬成形機 (Metal Forming Machine, Press)

關於金屬成形機 (Metal Forming Machine, Press)

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關於金屬鈑金 (sheet) 及塊材 (bulk) 之成形機。

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

沖床廠商及技術:


金豐 (1557):
  • 省力多連桿機構、連桿式伺服沖床、直驅式伺服沖床 [UDN,2016]
  • 冷鍛肘節式多連桿機構沖床:下死點停留時間長,適合沖鍛成形 [CT,2017]

協易 (4533):
  • 伺服沖床系統內建適用金屬深抽成形之振動曲線、170 SPM鐘擺曲線、智慧型沖床整線管理控制系統、伺服沖床、自動化整合方案、智慧製造應用技術 [UDN,2017]
  • 門型偏心齒輪伺服沖床:特斯拉採用 800噸 [CT,2017]


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REFERENCE


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20170322

關於鍛造技術 (About Forging)

關於鍛造技術 (About Forging)


Keywords: Forging, Shape complexity factor, die design, preform design, ... .

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

鍛造技術是一種常用的金屬成形技術,透過模具,將材料加壓成特定形狀。
  • 大英百科全書對於鍛造的定義:“Forging, in metallurgy, process of shaping metal and increasing its strength by hammering or pressing…” [Encyclopedia Britannica]
分類:

  • 胚料成形溫度 (forging temperature):冷鍛(cold forging)、溫鍛(warm forging)、熱鍛(hot forging)。
  • 材料流動方向(material flow):鍛粗 (Upsetting) 、擠伸 (extrusion) 。
  • 局部成形與漸進式成形 (incremental forming):打頭 (Heading)、擺輾鍛造 (orbital forging)。
  • 成形軸數:複動 or 多軸鍛造 (multi-action forging)

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道次設計 (Stage design)


  • 以幾何復雜度(Shape complexity factor)評估道次數 [IJMF,2010]


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預成形設計 (Preform design)

  • 採用錐形(tapered)設計,可改善長軸件鍛粗時發生挫屈問題 [Gokler,1999] 
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

模具設計 (forging die design)


浮動模具 (floating die):

計算合適的浮動模具運動速度,可降低成形負荷 [Ryu,2001] 並提升成形性,應用在長軸類產品,如船用柴油引擎之推力軸(thrust shaft),具有高尺寸精度、節省材料、增加材料強度及減少後加工時間等優點 [Kwon,2011] 

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

REF. Process design


  • B. Tomov,R. Radev (2010) Shape Complexity Factor for Closed Die Forging, International Journal of Material Forming, Vol.3, pp.319-322.

REF. Preform design

  • M. I. Gokler, H. Darendeliler,N. Elmaskaya (1999) Analysis of tapered preforms in cold upsetting, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, Vol.39, pp.1-16.

REF. Die design

  • C. H. Ryu,M. S. Joun (2001) Finite element simulation of the cold forging process having a floating die, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.112, pp.121-126.
  • I. K. Kwon,H. S. Park (2011) Design of die forging process of thrust shaft for large marine diesel engine using floating die concept, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Vol.12, pp.527-535.
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20170310

關於沖壓成形 (About Stamping)

關於沖壓成形 (About Stamping)

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 

REF.胚料展開

  • L. M. Li (2012) Optimization of Initial Blank Shape to Minimize Defects in an A pillar Inner Panel Using Finite Element Method, Materials Processing Technology Ii, Pts 1-4, Vol.538-541, pp.1045-1048.
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20160106

鈑金模具論壇資訊 (連續輥軋及熱沖壓)

鈑金模具論壇資訊 (連續輥軋及熱沖壓)

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轉發『鈑金模具論壇』資訊:

中華民國模具技術發展學會將於 01/09(六) 上午九點
在國立高雄應用科技大學模具工程系 MD205 視聽教室,
舉辦 『鈑金模具論壇』,此次活動為免費參加。

  *. 上午,講題『連續輥軋技術與發展』;
  *. 下午,講題『先進熱沖壓成形技術應用』;

報名方式:

  1. 上網報名:http://goo.gl/forms/XT4akoby0I
​​  2. 手機直接掃描 QR Code :

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​論壇議程:(已不收報名費)



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20150302

熱間鍛造溫度 (Temperatures of Hot forging )

熱間鍛造溫度 (Temperatures of Hot forging) [1]
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 鋼   種 , 加 熱 / 加工後溫度 (* C) |
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 普通鋼 , 1250 / 850
 合金鋼 , 1250 / 850
 鎳鉻鋼 , 1200 / 850
 不銹鋼 , 1200 / 900
 工具鋼 , 1150 / 900
 高速鋼 , 1250 / 950
 彈簧鋼 , 1150 / 900
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 鋁   種 , 加 熱 / 加工後溫度 (* C) |
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 杜拉鋁 ,   550 / 400
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 銅   種 , 加 熱 / 加工後溫度 (* C) |
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 黃銅 (6:4) , 750 / 500
 黃銅 (7:3) , 850 / 700
--------------------------------------------------


REFERENCE
[1]林昇立,向四海 (1992) 塑性加工學, 新科技書局,  台北市。
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Enson, Cheng-Hsien Yu, Ph.D.

20120313

20120313-鋁合金容器瓶製造方法(The Manufacturing Method of the Aluminum Alloy Cans)

20120313-鋁合金容器瓶製造方法(The Manufacturing Method of the Aluminum Alloy Cans)

鋁合金高壓容器瓶,如氧氣瓶、瓦斯罐、保溫瓶等產品,目前最具經濟效益的作法,就是利用多道次縮口製程(nosing),將鋁合金胚料(billet),經過反擠伸製程(backward extrusion)得到瓶胚後(tube billet),再利用縮口製程,對瓶胚端部做局部加壓成形。

其他成形方式,尚有旋壓成形法(Spinning),利用瓶胚旋轉,利用一沖頭沿徑向及軸向進給(feed),但是利用此法,成形後產品表面品質差,需要進行全面的機械加工(machining),材料浪費多,因此,以多道次縮口成形法,是目前廣為應用的方法。
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以下是相關的影片 via Youtube.
*縮口成形(nosing):http://youtu.be/bjP_5a3DoZI

*旋壓成形(spinning):http://youtu.be/EzVogfVxXPc

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網路上開放課程何其多,但是那仍然不是一般大眾可以了解的知識,知識,要具備一般性、普及性,透過將資訊、資料經過吸收、重整後,用一般人看得懂的詞彙描述出來,這是我目前正在嘗試的事。